Modern electronic products depend on a number of significant developments:

1. Silicon isolation
   • Swedish chemist, Jons Berzelius, discovered silicon in 1824.
2. Electricity
   • German physicist, Georg Ohm, published his research in 1827, which is known today as Ohm's Law.
3. Semiconductor resistivity
   • English chemist and physicist, Michael Faraday, reported in 1833 that silver sulphide decreased in electrical resistance with an increase in temperature.
4. Magnetism
   • Scottish physicist, James Maxwell, wrote about the relationship between electric and magnetic forces in 1863.
5. Radio
   • Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-born American physicist, demonstrated radio control of model boats in New York City as early as 1897.
6. Vacuum tube
   • Patented in 1907 by the American inventor, Lee De Forest.
7. Transistor effect
   • Americans John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley built the first working transistor in 1947.
8. Integrated circuit
   • Americans Jack Kilby in 1958 and Robert Noyce in 1959 made the integrated circuit possible with their innovations for planar processing.

Modern electronic products may be further categorized by feature size:

Electronics technology

• Product size > 1 millimeter

Microsystems technology

• Product size > 1 micron

Nanofabrication technology

• Product size < 100 nanometer